Culture and Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1729 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Culture and communication play an important role in our life, especially in International business. Due to the globalisation is developing rapidly worldwide, doing business effectively is the best way to ensure the economicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth as well as to gain more reputation for the organisation or a country. However, International business is a complicated issue that includes many different categories. Typically well-known issues are about culture and communication, which closely get along and have a huge impact on International Business. Culture and communication are familiar topics and has been discussed for a long time. Thus, this paper would provide some specific views of the relationship between culture, communication and international business. In addition, it might indicate the way they work effectively and suggest some good advices for the organisation to plan some suitable strategies in which supposed to have the best international business outcomes. The first aspect that strongly influence on international business is culture. Culture is a difficult phenomenon to define as there are various definitions from studies. Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1985) state that 164 definitions of culture were found. From a social view, culture can be seen as a combined set of values, beliefs, and attitudes that are shared by the people in an initial society (Muzychenko, 2008, 369). In other words, Hofstede (1991) observed culture as the collective mind program, which each individual is different from another. In recent years, the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy has developed dramatically. Hence, the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international business should be emphasized to keep pace with the rapid growth. Expanding the scope of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities is the best contribution in development and earning profit. In the globalisation period, culture not only represents the features of that country, but also reflect the level of developme nt in that country. Culture is an integral part of each country and has a strong influence on peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities. However, the cultural distance is hard to target. For instance, the culture in Western is absolutely different from the Eastern due to the location, traditional custom, climate and ancestors. Culture has been lasting for a long time and it is a representative of the people who live in that place. Likewise, it is extremely hard to change and there is no reason that everywhere need to have a similar culture. Thus, it would take a long time to adapt to a new culture. Moreover, another considerable thing in this case is the cross-cultural competence. Cross-cultural competence can be understood as an effective cross-cultural interaction. It supports people to learn both knowledge and skills by reducing misunderstandings and inappropriate behaviours. It can be either an opportunity or a challenge for the enterprise (Muzychenko, 2008). According to Johnson et al.(2006), it appears commonly in international business, workplace diversity and intercultural communication. Acknowledging the benefits of cross-cultural competence, many researchers developed a model that empowers the role of cross-cultural competence and apply it into reality more effectively. Depend on the user and their purposes, the model would have different approaches, but related to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"effective cross-cultural interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to improve international business more effectively. Another factor which plays a vital role in doing business is the communication between parties. There are various aspects in this category, but it can be divided into two major issues which are language (verbal) and nonverbal communication barriers. As its direct influence on the way people work and peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior, it is absolutely necessary to identify the causes and consequences of these issues. Moreover, having a deep acknowledge and analyse the pro blems will not only find out the best solution, but also improve the international business more effectively. In language filed, according to Hansen (1967) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"All languages fulfil the same functions: firstly, they serve human communication and secondly, they ensure a reference to realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Deetz (1973) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Languages is the vehicle of meaningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the role of language is indicated importantly in our life. It is obvious that different languages would cause a lot of problems. Although English is considered as an international language, not many people can be fluent and it would lead to the misunderstanding which might cause some serious problems. The misunderstanding between people or organisations through language is the common thing in doing business. The differences between language and the method of communicating is the main reason that makes the misunderstanding between parties occurs. Specifically, Charles (2006) had don e the research about the Lingua Franca in business. This research had done by some multinational companies in Scandinavia, which find out the number of people work with shared languages. The result shows that the people who use English as the second language is much higher than the native speakers (estimated to be 90%). Thus, on one hand, it will affect directly the perception of people. With the people is not good at English, they will be responsible by improving English to cope with their workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demand. It is a good idea to increase peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self-esteem. On the other hand, it will cause some problems like pronunciation, spelling or grammarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which may influence their work negatively (Charles, 2006, 262-264). Maude (2011) points out that nonverbal communication is essential and compulsory in international business. It is because verbal communication is often in a wrong and ineffective way. The differences between cultures or languag es also contribute to the misleading. Otherwise, when using individually, it would be unreliable and misunderstood. On the contrary, nonverbal communication is quite hard to control and therefore, it often expresses the feelings and attitudes and react to the situation more accurately and reliably (Maude, 2011, 84). For example, in some international workplace like multinational companies or international corporations, the employer and staff might come from different countries or race. In some cases, if the verbal communication is used alone, it is easy to be misunderstood or even lead to less cooperative and commitments. Since applying nonverbal communication, the employer and employees would understand each other more clearly. Hence, the employment relationship has improved significantly and more positive outcomes will be produced (about 70%) (Noller, 1984 in Maude, 2011, 86-87). Otherwise, the relationship between culture and communication still an interesting topic for the ac ademic studies to do their research. Therefore, many assumptions and definitions appeared to provide a comprehensive view and support peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge on this topic, which is more abstract than the above categories. As Condon and Yousef (1975) state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"We cannot separate culture from communication, for as soon as we start to talk about one we are almost inevitably talking about the other tooà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it is definitely that culture and communication have a strong correlation, which is very useful in society and globalisation. Indeed, the culture-communication relationship can be understood as the process that was determined internally and developed based on exchanging the mutual and related symbols (Chen and Starosta, 1998). There are many ways to demonstrate the culture-communication correlation such as: talking and listening, writing and reading, performing and witnessing. In other words, it can be defined as the process which doing some thing involves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“messagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in every case (Craig, in Leonard et al., 2009). Indeed, some further researches indicate that culture has an influence on the way of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s communication. Sanchez-Burks et al. (2003) recognized that Chinese people who live in America for a long time still maintain the way of communicating (verbal and nonverbal communication) like the East Asian, which is strongly different from the native American. They also have their own hobbies, daily routine, technology acceptances and individual preferences, which is more similar to their ancestors (Leonard et al., 2009, 866-869). In general, maintaining the ancestorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture is not a terrible thing, but sometimes, it might cause problems, especially living in a different culture. Therefore, having a balance between new and old cultures in the communication style would be the best way to meet the goals positively. Image 1: The culture-language model (Crozet Liddicoat, 1999) Generally, this paper has argued the relationship between culture, communication and international business as well as provide an overview about the benefits and limitations when doing international business. International business is necessary for the company to not only target more goals, but also integrate into the globalized world. Thus, in order to have better international business outcomes, we need to take seriously in culture and communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the two most important factors in doing business. In cultural aspect, because the culture is variable and it depends on both internal and external factors, it is hard to know every culture clearly and steadily. Therefore, it is highly recommended that preparing vital skills and knowledge carefully is the best way to prevent the culture shock and adapt to the new environment faster. Many ways can support people to get knowledge about new cultures such as: Internet, books, brochuresà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or either ask the people already have some experiences about the place that you intend to come. The experiences from the people who used to live there would be the most valuable preparation. Otherwise, After knowing the culture, the communication style should also be considered carefully as it will be shown to society directly by our actions. When doing business overseas, the first meeting always plays an important role to decide whether you will be successful or not. Consequently, the more you prepare, the better result you get. References: Babcock, R. D. Du-Babcock, B. (2001) Language-Based Communication Zones in International Business Communication, Journal of Business Communication, 38(4), 372-412 Baraldi, C. (2006) New forms of Intercultural Communication in a globalized world, International Communication in a Globalized World, 68;53 Berry, J.W. (2005)Acculturation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" living successfully in two cultures,International Journal of Intercultu ral Relations, 29, 697à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"712. Blasco, M. (2009) Cultural Pragmatists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Student perspectives on learning culture at a business school, Academy of Management Learning Education, 8(2), 174-187 Charles, M. (2007). Language Matters in Global Communication,Journal of Business Communication,44(3), 260-282 Holmes, P. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Neill, G. (2012) Developing and evaluating intercultural competence: Ethnographies of intercultural encounters, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, pp 707-718 Leonard, K. M.; Scotter, J. R. V.; Pakdil, F. (2009) Culture and Communication: Cultural Variations and Media Effectiveness, 41(7), 850-877 Johnson, JP., Lenartowicz, T., Apud, S. (2006) Cross-cultural competence in IB: toward a definition and a model, Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 525-543 Muzychenko, O. (2008) Cross-cultural entrepreneurial competence in identifying international business opportunities, European Mana gement Journal, 26, 366-377 Roth, K. (2001) Material Culture and ICC, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(5), 563-580. Sarala, R. (2009) The impact of cultural differences and acculturation factors on post-acquisition conflict, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26(1), 38-56 Tuleja, E. A. (2008) Aspects of intercultural awareness through an MBA study abroad program: going backstage.Business Communication Quarterly, 71(3), 314-337 1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Culture and Communication" essay for you Create order

Il se peut que - French Subjunctive

Yes, il se peut requires the subjunctive:Il se peut quil le fasse.It could be that hell do it.The Subjunctivator! | Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?

The Silent Partners And The Social Responsibility Model Of...

Novel Ideas’ silent partners have numerous concerns with public officials calling off layoffs including the hindrance of economic performance, an increase in insolvency, and an inability to maximize company profits.. We realize that the principal motive is to maximize profits. As investors in our company, we understand why the silent partners tend to agree with the social responsibility model of Milton Friedman. The silent partners, like Mr. Friedman, feel as if we need to utilize our resources and engage in activities that diminish the economic volatility our company is facing (Crawford, 9/20). A primary concern is to do whatever it takes to maintain the company’s solvency, while adhering and staying within any legal boundaries. Another concern the silent partners may have is the social responsiveness strategy that the officials from the local chamber of commerce and local economic development group want us to utilize. The local organizations want us to avoid layoffs, so the community can maintain economic stability. However, we know that the silent partners are concerned that if we do not fire one of the full-time employees, we will not be maximizing our profits, and again increasing the economic volatility of our business. As the silent partners have mentioned, firing one of the full-time employees would not be of concern as we would save money, increase profits, and still maintain a satisfactory level of customer service. 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Television And Its Impact On Society - 922 Words

Since the moment certain technology has been introduced to us, more specifically, TV, it has been the main means of distraction that we use constantly. For years, we have been mindlessly watching TV for no real reason, other than for passing time or distracting ourselves from more pressing matters. Our society has been greatly influenced by the presence of television and how we see ourselves, it has also informed us of what the â€Å"norms of society† really are. Television has given us information on pop culture and many of today’s famous TV shows and celebrities. The impacts of television, and whether it is positive or negative have been debated for years, and it has still not come to a conclusive answer. Although many think that television has no impact on an individual, or they are so slight that they should not even be taken into account, it is undeniable; television, does have an impact on us and the way we see ourselves and everyone else in our society, no matter how small. David Sedaris’s short story â€Å"Us and Them,† shows the effects of television on the individual’s views of themselves and others due to their dependence of TV, by the use of plot, point of view, and characters. The narrator’s views of the Tomkey family shows us the extent that TV influences our perceptions of ourselves and others. The narrator believes that those who own and watch television are normal and therefore socially acceptable, whereas those who do not, are more of a subspecies. When describingShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Television On Society1614 Words   |  7 PagesSince the 1950s, television has had a tremendous impact on American society. We have come to depend on it for many reasons including entertainment, learning, and even background noise. Television has many positive benefits to offer as well as a lot of negative implications. Americans have also witnessed historical events on national television that has affected them in one way or another. 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Hums Free Essays

Many airlines operating fixed wing aircraft have adopted a pro active approach to improve operational safety by analyzing flight data on a routine basis to provide better visibility of their operation In flight operations quality Assurance (FAQ) programmer. A simple description of HUMS Is that It Is a system for monitoring the status of technical components, principally shafts, bearings, gears and other rotating components. The level of vibration Is recorded by accelerometers. We will write a custom essay sample on Hums or any similar topic only for you Order Now The data is stored in a data card which is later taken out and brought too ground station for reading off at the end of each flight. Operational information from the flight thus becomes available from the ground station via a terminal. The list thus printed also informs regarding any limit values that have been exceeded and description of failures in HUMS. Most of the information is analyses manually and this provides valuable additional information during trouble shooting. Advanced helicopter monitoring systems were Implemented In the early sass’s following concern over the alarm worthiness of helicopters and, at the time, technical defects were the mall Issue. The acronym HUMS, Health and usage Monitoring Systems, was introduced for these systems. With the introduction of HUM systems, the number of incidents relating to the chemical malfunctions decreased and as a consequence the proportions of incident relating to the aircrew error increased. Thus later a need was envisaged of developing a system called HOMO. AIM accepted use in aviation and in context to India Air Force. WORKING The system consists of sensors, computers, software and analytical methods that, when taken together are able to record vibration and other parameters and thus deduce the health of the machine. The HUMS information is received and processed by the Digital Acquisition and Processing Unit (ADAPT) before being stored on a magnetic card which is placed in the cockpit unit prior to flying. This card is taken out on leaving the helicopter after the flight and data are loaded into a ground station for further electronic processing. A HUMS is like a doctor applying many stethoscopes to a patient continuously and keeping a constant check on his health. Helicopters having more rotating and moving parts, will fall part if not properly maintained, hence their mechanical health is critical to the safety of flight. The deployment of HUMS as a life saving and cost effective equipment is a boon. There are number of sub systems in HUMS which determine parameters and determines he health of the helicopters. We will be dealing with the most important subsystems in the subsequent paragraphs. In HUMS the wear or damage to the components is identified while in service itself. Inevitably components wear out or fail unexpectedly. The traditional monitoring techniques such as oil debris and engine performances trending are aimed at identifying these problems before they become hazardous. Techniques using conventional flight data can be used here, for example, engine performance trends can be calculated from engine parameters gathered in flight. Still the traditional Accident Data is usually inadequate for monitoring wear in rotating components and so a host of specialized techniques have been developed to measure the â€Å"health† of the rotors and transmission. These rely heavily upon vibration measurement and require special instrumentation and data acquisition systems. A PC based ground station provides the aircraft operator and maintain the simple diagnosis of the aircraft and required maintenance actions. Advanced mechanical of aircraft monitoring superior to any other monitoring system available. THE SUB SYSTEMS As stated earlier there are number of sub systems which gather information in flight bout the health and usage and wear and tear off the components and can be read over a ground station. Major ones are:- (a) Rotor Track and Balance. Each helicopter main rotor blade should follow one in front and along the same path, and blades should be spaced at equal angles. This track is measured in terms of blade height past a fixed point and the angle between the successive blades. A photo sensitive device on the nose looks at the blade tips at two points on the either side of the nose. The leading and the trailing edges of the blades can be detected, and the timing of their passes gives the blade eight. The interval between one blade passing over the sensor and the following blades gives the system lead/lag information. Infrared techniques can be used if the helicopter is to be flown at night. (b) Engine Monitoring. Engine Monitoring parameters include vibration, gas temperatures and pressures, and shaft speeds. Engine Vibration can indicate excessive wear on ball bearings or races. Small changes in the engine vibration signature must be recognized early. Two accelerometers are used to compile a good engine spectrum. The known frequencies of rotating components can first be used o detect simple imbalance. Then they are subtracted from the known spectrum. The remaining spectral lines are analyzed for more subtle defects. Gas temperatures are used to calculate thermal fatigue. High/Low temperature excursions, together with mean temperatures, are used to estimate damage caused by metal expansion and contraction. (c)Gear Box Vibrations. The importance of gearbox vibration monitoring can not be over estimated. Cracks, broken gear teeth and excessive wear are critical areas that must be caught early. Gear vibrations are revealed by strategically positioned accelerometers. There might be 20 shafts in the gear box but fewer than half this number of accelerometers are needed to monitor them all. The problem is to separate very small signals caused by a single tooth defect from larger signals (d) Oil Debris Monitoring. Any moving metal surfaces in contact with one another will produce debris. Most of it will end up in oil. Therefore, metal particle detection is a useful means of monitoring wear in the engine and gear box. Particles lesser than ten microns are the result of normal wear and are no cause of concern, unless they are being ground down from larger particles. The presence of metal flecks greater than hundred microns in size indicates a serious wear problem. Particles that size are large enough to cause further damage to other parts of the engine, which in turn leads to creation of more large particles. Magnetic plugs were originally introduced to capture debris and prevent secondary damage. Today they have become an early warning device for heavy wear. A refinement of this is the quantitative debris monitor, which consists of an electronic metal particle detector used in the place of the magnetic plug. The monitor uses an electromagnetic to attract debris. The debris causes a flux disturbance in the drive coil, which in turn generates a voltage pulse that is proportional to particle size. A processor grades and counts the particles by size. How to cite Hums, Papers

Successful Emergency Communication free essay sample

This paper looks at the need for successful emergency communication in New York City. This paper examines the components necessary for successful emergency communication. The writer evaluates the actions of the New York City Emergency Communications Center in light of the September 11th terrorist attacks in that city. The strengths and weaknesses of the system are detailed, relative to potential problems such as natural disasters that could plague the city. Many of the inherent problems this writer feels the city would face are a result of the fact that much of the citys infrastructure, bridges, tunnels, subways and communication centers are located underground. In this writers opinion, an earthquake would totally destroy much of the citys infrastructure which would lead to the city being forced to close down, and that would include the financial centers and the ramifications here are well-documented. The paper also details legislation that has been passed at the state level to deal with this potential threat. We will write a custom essay sample on Successful Emergency Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The writer makes several suggestions as to what would be necessary to avert a major disaster, including designating the Public Information Officer as the person who would be responsible for the coordination of all the agencies, predetermined safe centers should be well-publicized and known in each of the communities, the collecting areas for the victims and survivors of any disaster should be every few blocks, evacuation of bridges and tunnels should be well-planned and coordinated and there should be one umbrella agency that is responsible for the training and coordination of the emergency personnel in the event of a major disaster, such as an earthquake or terrorist attack. In recent times, especially in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington DC, effective and speedy emergency communication has become paramount for response personnel firefighters, police and paramedics. Emergency communications agencies like the North American Center For Emergency Communications (NACEC) were set up to provide quick and speedy services in cases of disaster. A Disaster Victim Information Exchange System (DVIS) was also setup to handle situations where families and loved ones required information about an individual evacuees location, condition, immediate plans and special needs. In the past, trying to locate a person could take days or months, as information procured from the scene was sketchy and unreliable.

Features of Mercantilism free essay sample

Trade In the first place the mercantilists laid great empha ¬sis on a favourable balance of trade. They held that the strength and richness of a country depends on two things-the possession of gold and silver mines and favourable balance of trade. As all the countries did not possess mines of gold and silver, they could built up rich stocks of these metals by exporting maximum of their manufactured articles and import ¬ing minimum of commodities from other countries. Highlighting the im ¬portance of foreign trade Thomas Mun wrote: The ordinary means. o increase our wealth and treasure is by Forign Trade. This ought to be encouraged, for upon it hangs the great revenue of the king, the honour of the kingdom, the noble profession of the merchant, the school of our arts, the supply of our poor, the improvement of our lands, the nursery of our mariners, the walls of the kingdom, the means of our treasures, the sinews of our wars and the terror of our enemies. We will write a custom essay sample on Features of Mercantilism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the maintenance of a favourable balance of trade the mercantilists favoured commercial regulation. They insisted on discouraging the im ¬ports through imposition of heavy duties and prohibitions on foreign goods. On the other hand, the exports should be encouraged through bounties and other artificial stimulation of domestic agriculture and indus ¬try. For the promotion of the countrys trade a number of Navigation laws were passed to ensure that the countrys trade remained in the hands of the native shippers. The mercantilism not only laid emphasis on the regulation of foreign trade but also emphasized the principle of monopoly. In most of the European countries the right to engage in foreign trade was vested only in a small privileged section of the society. For example, the British govern ¬ment allowed its subjects to trade freely only with a small area (viz. France, Spain and Portugal) while the rest of the world was divided for trading purposes amongst numerous joint stock companies. Each com ¬pany was allotted a definite trading sphere. Thus the East India Company enjoyed monopoly of trade with Asia, Africa Company with Africa and Levant Company with the Mediterranean. Similarly, the European powers also vested the right of trade in various joint stock companies. East India Companies were formed in France, Holland, Sweden and Denmark for carrying on trade with the East. The mercantilists applied the principle of monopoly with regard to their colonies also. It was asserted that colonies had no right to regulate their economic independently and must try to meet the needs of the mother country through supply of raw materials for her manufacturers. The other foreigners were excluded from the colonial trade. They were not permitted to carry on trade with the colonies except in some less important articles. Industries were permitted to develop in the colonies only if they did not compete with the mother country. Obviously this policy led to complete neglect of the interests of the colonial people. 2. Importance of Money. Mercantilism attached great importance of money. It considered the wealth as the source of all powers and laid great emphasis on the importance of gold, silver etc. It also considered money as a significant factor for the commercial advancement. Further as the trade in those days was mostly carried on the basis of barter of goods, the people naturally preferred to keep gold and silver rather than the commodities. The importance of money also increased because the state needed more taxes for the management of its affairs and it naturally preferred those taxes in money rather than in kind. The enormous amounts required for the conduct of commercial wars with other nations for the retention of colonies also greatly contributed to the importance of money. Money was also considered essential for abundance of trade. It was commonly held that where money was scarce, trade was sluggish, where it was abundant, trade boomed. In short, mercantilism emphasized the importance of money on account of numerous reasons. 3. Interest. The concept of interest formed an important part of mer ¬cantilism even though there was no unanimity among the various mercan ¬tilists regarding its use and importance. For example, Mun justified charg ¬ing of interest on the money because it could be profitably employed in trade and enabled the borrower to make hugh profits. However, by and large the mercantilists favoured low rates of interests. They believed that the high rates of interests made the money scarce. Some of the mercan ¬tilist writers who favoured low rates of interests included Thomas Manley, John Locke, Nicholas Barbon etc. This stand of mercantilist was quite natural in view of the fact that it was an age of great scarcity of liquid funds, underdeveloped banking facilities and growing antagonism between the mercahnt-manufacturers and the goldsmiths and big merchant finan ¬ciers. 4. Factors of Production. The mercantilists considered the land and the labour as the sole factors of production. Petty asserted, Labour is the father and active principle of wealth, as lands are the mother. Similarly, Josiah Child held that land and trade went hand in hand. Most of the mercantilists laid emphasis on the need of increasing production with a view to attain self-sufficiency in foodstuffs as well as encouragement of exports. Emphasis was laid on the cultivation of waste lands to increase . reduction of agriculture. 5. Large Populations. Mercantilism emphasized the need of possessing large population for increasing production and participation in the war. Highlighting the importance of large popuation Davenant said, The people are the real strength of the community; dense population made inventions. It also developed industries which brought riches to the na ¬tion. In view of the importance of the population Samuel Fortrey pleade for freedom of immigration and granting of equal rights to the immi ¬grants. He argued the immigrants would bring riches with them and improve the condition of trade and industry in the country. Large popula ¬tion also made available cheap labour which helped a country to increase its domestic population and successfully compete with the foreign coun ¬tries. In view of this the state encouraged matrimony and parenthood. 6. Commercial Regulations. Mercantilists accepted the need of com ¬mercial regulation for the smooth working of the economy and promotion of social welfare. Almost all the European countries framed regulations with a view to restrict the imports of foreign goods and encourage exports. Generally the import of raw materials was preferred over import of finished product because it helped the industrial development of the coun ¬try. Most of the states imposed artificial restraints on internal and exter ¬nal trade keeping in view the national interests. As the mercantilists believed that a country could obtain an advantage at the expenses of another country only, the commercial regulations were framed keeping in view selfish national interests. This explains why often the mercantilists did not permit the economic considerations to outweigh the political con ¬siderations and agreed to subserve the economic life to the political end.